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Genome of wild olive and the evolution of oil biosynthesis

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2017

Turgay Unvera, Zhangyan Wub, Lieven Sterckc,d, Mine Turktase, Rolf Lohausc,d, Zhen Lic,d, Ming Yangb, Lijuan Heb, Tianquan Dengb, Francisco Javier Escalantef, Carlos Llorensg, Francisco J. Roigg, Iskender Parmaksizh, Ekrem Dundari, Fuliang Xiej, Baohong Zhangj, Arif Ipeke, Serkan Uranbeyk, Mustafa Eraymanl, Emre Ilhanl, Oussama Badadm, Hassan Ghazaln, David A. Lightfooto, Pavan Kasarlao, Vincent Colantonioo, Huseyin Tombuloglup, Pilar Hernandezq, Nurengin Meter, Oznur Cetinr, Marc Van Montaguc, Huanming Yangb, Qiang Gaob, Gabriel Dorados, and Yves Van de Peerc.

Abstract
Here we present the genome sequence and annotation of the wild olive tree (Olea europaea var. sylvestris), called oleaster, which is considered an ancestor of cultivated olive trees. More than 50,000 protein-coding genes were predicted, a majority of which could be anchored to 23 pseudochromosomes obtained through a newly con- structed genetic map. The oleaster genome contains signatures of two Oleaceae lineage-specific paleopolyploidy events, dated at ∼28 and ∼59 Mya. These events contributed to the expansion and neo- functionalization of genes and gene families that play important roles in oil biosynthesis. The functional divergence of oil biosynthe- sis pathway genes, such as FAD2, SACPD, EAR, and ACPTE, following duplication, has been responsible for the differential accumulation of oleic and linoleic acids produced in olive compared with sesame, a closely related oil crop. Duplicated oleaster FAD2 genes are regu- lated by an siRNA derived from a transposable element-rich region, leading to suppressed levels of FAD2 gene expression. Additionally, neofunctionalization of members of the SACPD gene family has led to increased expression of SACPD2, 3, 5, and 7, consequently result- ing in an increased desaturation of steric acid. Taken together, de- creased FAD2 expression and increased SACPD expression likely explain the accumulation of exceptionally high levels of oleic acid in olive. The oleaster genome thus provides important insights into the evolution of oil biosynthesis and will be a valuable resource for oil crop genomics.

https://www.pnas.org/content/114/44/E9413.long

 

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